"Voice Matters in a Dictator Game"

We examine a dictator game with a "voice" option in the laboratory. In our experiment, the recipient has an opportunity to state a payoff-irrelevant request for the minimum acceptable offer before the dictator dictates his/her offer. In this game, it is predicted not only by the standard game theory, but by the behavioral game theory such as theories of other-regarding preferences, that the dictator's offer is independent of the recipient's request. Some findings based on our data are as follows: the above independence hypothesis is rejected; as the recipient's request increases, the dictator's offer increases when the requests are less than 50% of the pie; on the other hand, when the request goes beyond 50% of the pie, the offer decreases as the request increases. That is, "voice" matters in a dictator game. We also conduct a clustering analysis to classify dictators' behaviour into some notable patterns. As a result, we obtain the following three behavioural patterns: the other-disregarding, the punishing the greedy, and the lenient.

Three Phases in the 3D Abelian Higgs Model with Nonlocal Gauge Interactions

We study the phase structure of the 3D nonlocal compact U(1) lattice gauge theory coupled with a Higgs field by means of Monte-Carlo simulations. The nonlocal interactions among gauge variables are along the temporal direction and mimic the effect of local coupling to massless particles. We found that in contrast to the 3D local abelian Higgs model which has only one phase, the present model exhibits the confinement, Higgs, and Coulomb phases separated by three second-order transition lines emanating from a triple point. This result is quite important for studies on electron fractionalization phenomena in strongly-correlated electron systems. Implications to them are discussed

Deconfinement Phase Transition in a 3D Nonlocal U(1) Lattice Gauge Theory

We introduce a 3D compact U(1) lattice gauge theory having nonlocal interactions in the temporal direction, and study its phase structure. The model is relevant for the compact QED$_3$ and strongly correlated electron systems like the t-J model of cuprates. For a power-law decaying long-range interaction, which simulates the effect of gapless matter fields, a second-order phase transition takes place separating the confinement and deconfinement phases. For an exponentially decaying interaction simulating matter fields with gaps, the system exhibits no signals of a second-order transition.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, typos correcte

Self-Reduction Rate of a Microtubule

We formulate and study a quantum field theory of a microtubule, a basic element of living cells. Following the quantum theory of consciousness by Hameroff and Penrose, we let the system to reduce to one of the classical states without measurement if certain conditions are satisfied(self-reductions), and calculate the self-reduction time $\tau_N$ (the mean interval between two successive self-reductions) of a cluster consisting of more than $N$ neighboring tubulins (basic units composing a microtubule). $\tau_N$ is interpreted there as an instance of the stream of consciousness. We analyze the dependence of $\tau_N$ upon $N$ and the initial conditions, etc. For relatively large electron hopping amplitude, $\tau_N$ obeys a power law $\tau_N \sim N^b$, which can be explained by the percolation theory. For sufficiently small values of the electron hopping amplitude, $\tau_N$ obeys an exponential law, $\tau_N \sim \exp(c' N)$. By using this law, we estimate the condition for $\tau_N$ to take realistic values $\tau_N$ \raisebox{-0.5ex}{$\stackrel{>}{\sim}$} $10^{-1}$ sec as $N$ \raisebox{-0.5ex} {$\stackrel{>}{\sim}$} 1000.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, Extended versio

PROTON MODULATIONS ON THE IONIC CURRENTS IN RABBIT ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODAL CELLS

Modulations of changing the extracellular pH on the electrophysiological activity of isolated rabbit atrio-ventricular (AV) nodal cells were investigated using the two microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Increasing pH from 7.4 to 9.5 enhanced spontaneous activity. The action potential amplitude and the maximum rate of depolarization were decreased. The action potential duration at 50% repolarization and the cycle length were shortened. The maximum diastolic potential was hyperpolarized. The pH elevation increased the maximum conductances for both the slow inward current and the delayed outward current systems. In contrast, a decline of pH from 7.4 to 5.5 inhibited the activity and the ionic currents. The effects on the action potential parameters were reversed. However, both acidification and alkalinization failed to affect the gating kinetics of the channels. These results suggest that H⁺ would modulate the electrical activity of the AV nodal cells, due not to an alteration of the membrane surface charge, but to a direct protonation of the ionic channels

「契約危殆」責任の構築と債務不履行体系の再構成: 履行期前の履行拒絶法理の国際的展開

金沢大学人間社会研究域法学系 / 大阪大学平成19年度は、本研究計画の最終年度にあたる。そこで、これまで文献を収集・精査して得た結果を踏まえ、さらに引き続き必要な文献収集・調査を行った。これと並行して、過去2年間の研究を通じて得た成果を公表すべく論文の執筆を行った。この論文は、(1)わが国における民法典制定前から現在に至るまでの履行期前の履行拒絶論の状況を整理し、問題の所在を明らかにすること、(2)右の点を検討するため、古くから判例・学説の蓄積をもち2002年の債務法改正によって明文の規定が新設されたドイツにおける理論状況(債務法改正前の判例・学説の展開、改正後によって新設された規定の解釈論)を正確に把握し、紹介すること、(3)そこから得られた示唆を整理し、履行期前の履行拒絶を理由とする履行期前解除の法理をわが国にも採用すべきであること、その際の解釈論的根拠を提示することを内容とするものである。もっとも、平成19年10月より所属機関が変更となったため、夏休み中に計画していたドイツにおける補充的な資料収集・調査が平成19年12月にずれ込んだ。このため、上記論文は当初、平成19年度中に公表することを予定していたが、20年度にずれ込むこととなってしまった。しかし、平成20年3月時点において、草稿をほぼ書き終えており、20年度中に公表することができる状況にある。なお、同論文は、所属機関である大阪大学の紀要(阪大法学)において、2回に分けて連載することを予定している。研究課題/領域番号:17730060, 研究期間(年度):2005 – 2007出典：「「契約危殆」責任の構築と債務不履行体系の再構成-履行期前の履行拒絶法理の国際的展開-」研究成果報告書　課題番号17730060（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所））（https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17730060/)を加工して作